- Lacking clarity. Different people may interpret the same words differently. Be as precise and clear as possible about your facts, and the interpretations and meanings you are deriving from them. Also, beware of abstract, overly-formal language, colloquialisms, and jargon, which obscure your message more than they serve to impress people.
- Using stereotypes and generalizations. A speaker who makes unqualified generalizations, or fails to recognize change (i.e., in the labels, categories, or terms they use) undermines their own clarity and credibility. Be careful not to get stuck in the habit of using stereotypes, or making generalizations about people, places or things. Where your goal is to communicate and connect with other people, biased language and general labels tend to create barriers. Another form of generalization is “polarization” or creating extremes. Try to be sensitive to the complexities of situations, rather than viewing the world simplistically (e.g., “I’m right; you’re wrong.” “They’re either with us or they’re against us.”)
- Jumping to conclusions. Confusing facts with inferences is a common tendency. Do not assume you know the reasons behind events, or that certain facts necessarily have certain implications. Make sure you have all the information you can get, and then speak clearly about the facts versus the meanings or interpretations you attach to those.
- Using disconfirming responses.There are a number of ways that we might respond to other people which have a negative effect on the communication between ourselves and others. Beware of:
- failing to acknowledge attempts to communicate (giving no response at all)
- interrupting
- making an irrelevant response (not addressing what was just said)
- Lacking Confidence. A lack of confidence can be a major barrier to effective communication. Shyness, difficulty being assertive, or lack of self-worth can hinder your ability to make your needs and opinions known. Also, a lack of awareness of your own rights and opportunities in a given situation can prevent you from expressing your needs openly.